Outline the main similarities and differences between...

Outline the main similarities and differences between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s explanations for cognitive development in children. Piaget and Vygotsky were both, looking into the same period of cognitive development in infants and children and sharing the same basic concerns. Piaget (1896-1980) developing his theory slightly earlier than Vygotsky (1896-1934) who worked to show that there were certain flaws in Piaget s theory of genetic epistemology. Vogotsky and his social-cultural theory of cognitive development might be seen as the Soviet counterpart to Piaget s western individualist perspective. Piaget focused on cognitive development as essentially egocentric, Vygotsky challenged this with the idea of the individual as being†¦show more content†¦Piagetian theory essentially views development in four fairly rigid stages, that although they shed a great deal of light on child development, do not allow for an understanding of child development as being enhance d by social and cultural factors as was shown by Vygotsky in his social cultural theory of child development . They do not contribute to our informed interaction with children, particularly with regard to education, where Voygotsky s ideas have been seminally valuable. In Thinking and Speech, Vygotsky, postulates that in Piaget s stages of development, each stage merely presents itself after the previous stage has run its course, it does not stem from it. (1982, p. 110) The four universal developmental stages of Piagetian theory are as follows: The sensorymotor stage which occurs between the ages of 1 and 2 years old. This is the period during which Piaget identified the child developing a general schema for movement and sensation. This is followed by the preoperational stage from 2-7 years where the child in his opinion has an inadequate ability to turn thought into action. The child is seen as Egocentric as is demonstrated in the three mountains test, where three differently decorated, sculpted mountains are placed before the child and she is asked to demonstrate an understanding of how the view might look from the perspective of another; she is unable to do so. (Martin et al. 2009 p. p63). This struggle continues into

The Rise in Popularity of High Protein Diets and the Possible Implications on Kidney Health - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2602 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/12 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Diet Essay Did you like this example? Introduction In 2018, High protein diets for example Dukan, Atkins, The South Beach, Paleo and Ketogenic are becoming increasingly popular. The general public relates these diets to a healthy lifestyle choice. A High protein diet is one that includes protein in excess of Dietary Reference Intake recommendations for a person without kidney disease (0.8g/kg/day) (Poortmans and Dellieux, 2000). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Rise in Popularity of High Protein Diets and the Possible Implications on Kidney Health" essay for you Create order There are various tests that can be used to detect kidney function. The most used test in the healthcare industry is to find the GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) of the individual. This is determined by first finding the creatinine levels which is a waste product found in muscle tissues in the body. When this is found the GFR level can then be calculated using this value as well as factors such as age, gender and race. In Ireland the most used method for detecting and measuring CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) is to perform a five stage system test based on the individuals GFR levels over a period of time. The higher the stage goes the more severe the disease is.(HSE, 2018) In this study we try to find the correlation between high protein diets and the implications that could possibly be an outcome on kidney health. The increase and popularity of protein diets In recent years high protein diets have risen significantly in popularity. Proteins are essential nutrients, which are vital structural components of body tissues, for example muscle, hair and nails. Many individuals have now made a conscious choice to increase their protein consumption, and Nielsen has reported that 55% of households would regard high protein as an important attribute when buying food for their households (Nielsen, 2018). Due to protein being a vital component of the human body, it has major health benefits, which are the causes for high protein diets significant rise in popularity (Du, 2018). One of the prime benefits being that in studies where high protein diets have been consumed, it has been concluded that high protein diets are effective in promoting fat loss and therefore helping to maintain, or achieve a healthy weight ((Phillips, 2006), (Blachier et al, 2018), (Murphy et al, 2013), (Oh and No, 2018)). One of the reasons proteins helps individuals who consume it in high amounts lose weight is because tends to have satiety enhancing effects (Du, 2018). Protein is very popular amongst individuals who are also trying to increase their muscle mass. Protein promotes muscle growth because the building blocks of protein are amino acids, which help with cellular function and muscle repair. Therefore, if not enough protein is present in the diet, then there will not be an adequate supply of amino acids available for muscle metabolism and ongoing anabolism (Leal, 2018). Many studies have consistently showcased these findings that high protein diets lead to increased muscle mass ((Phillips, 2006), (Kadey, 2018)). In addition to this, high protein diets have been said to be advantageous for individuals hoping to increase their muscle strength (Kadey, 2018), and that these diets may improve training adaptations to exercise training (Antonio et al , 2016). Pros and Cons of high protein diet A High protein diet is one that includes protein in excess of Dietary Reference intake recommendations for a person without kidney disease (0.8g/kg/day). (Poortmans and Dellieux, 2000) An RDA is a general recommendation which doesn’t take many things into account calories, carbohydrate intake, biological sex, age, how active we are, how eco-friendly the protein sources intake is. Glomerular filtration rate is the most accurate overall measure of kidney function as recognised by the NFK Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Fad diets have been known to influence high protein diets for weight loss. Only recently high protein diets have been compared to low protein diets for health reasons. High protein weight loss diets have existed in U.S. for years. Apart from their weight loss purpose there is a serious reason for concern as these High Protein diets clinically altar renal function. (Friedman, 2004). An Omni Trial study carried out in America states† high in protein diets can cause glomerular hyperfiltration, a potentially maladaptive response which may accelerate the progression of the disease†. Healthy participants involved in the Omni trial which replaces partial carbohydrates with protein had no kidney disease/problems prior to the trial. Participants keeping consistent weight followed 3 diets for 6 week periods with a 2-4-week washout period. The three diets consisted of carbohydrates, protein or unsaturated fats. Dietary protein making up to 15% of the carbohydrate and unsaturated fat diet or 25% protein of energy intake. Serum creatinine was recorded after each 6 week period. The protein diet when compared to the carbohydrate diet and unsaturated fat diet showed an increase in cystatin C-based Glomerular filtration. To conclude the Omni trial, Glomerular filtration rate increased following the High protein diet but there is uncertainty to whether high protein diets can lead to kidney disease in the long term. (Bernstein, Treyzon and Li, 2018) A high protein diet can be determined as follows: the total amount of protein, the percent of total calories as protein and the amount of protein(g) per kg of body weight. The Brenner hypothesis is the most cited reference in this topic. The hypothesis proposes that â€Å"the sustained rise in glomerular filtration rate due to a high consumption of protein is detrimental to kidney function accelerating a potential rise in renal disease†. (Tipton, 2011) In the UK, the normal intake of protein is 16% of energy intake for a sedentary adult which is around 64-88g/day at energy balance for both men and women. There is no one general consensus to state what a high protein diet is but it is referred to as a ‘protein-enriched’ in food industry for over 20% of protein from energy. (Johnstone, 2012) Long term clinical trials should be carried out to test increased protein diets in healthy subjects to determine how effective a high protein diet is and what the consequ ences are over a long period of time. Detecting kidney health and causes of poor kidney health The kidneys are a two bean-shaped organ that is found in vertebrates which is located on the right and left of the abdominal cavity. The kidneys have many functions, the most important being the removal of waste, toxins, sodium and water from the body. (NIDDK, 2018) Recently in the past few years people have become more aware of kidney health as the incidence of CKD (chronic kidney disease) has doubled; especially among older individuals. This could possibly be because of the increasing prevalence of conditions such as diabetes and hypertension in recent years which is seen to damage the delicate blood vessels of the kidneys. (Liu H, 2010) One in ten American adults is now living with some degree of CKD, and kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States (NKUDIC, 2012) According to research done by (Stack et al, 2014) they were able to determine the overall prevalence of CKD in the Irish health system. They concluded that the prevalence of CKD in the Irish health system was 11.8% in addition to the rate of 4.5% in the general population. There was a higher prevalence of CKD in women than in men. (12.6% women versus 10.9% men). Another study which was done in the UK also discussed the prevalence of CKD and found that the prevalence of low excretory kidney function was 5.2% (Sutton et al, 2015) There are many tests today in the healthcare industry that can be used to test the kidneys. Blood tests, Imaging tests, kidney biopsy and urine tests are various assessments used on kidneys. The most effective and widely used method would be detecting GFR in the blood. As mentioned in the introduction the most used method for detecting and measuring CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) in Ireland is to perform a five stage system test based on the individuals GFR levels over a three month period. The higher the stage goes the more severe the disease is. (HSE, 2018) The levels of creatinine which is a waste product in muscles is found in the blood and then this can be used to calculate GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) along with the individual’s sex, gender and age. A study done in Australia by (M Ludlow et al,2014) assessed local GP’S on whether they were following correct current guidelines when detecting and managing the kidneys. They recommended similar tests as explained above such as serum creatinine test, urine albumin creatinine ratio. They also were able to identify key indicators of increased risk of CKD such as hypertension, smoking and family history of kidney failure. Research done by (Sutton et al,2015) on the methods used in economic evaluations of chronic kidney disease used results of 2,671 papers that were identified in which 21 were included in the final review. Eighteen studies focused on proteinuria which is the presence of protein in the urine which in turn rises GFR. Three evaluated glomerular filtration rate testing and one included both tests. Why protein is needed in the diet Protein is essential in the diet. It assists with body growth and repair of cells. Without protein the body wouldn’t be able to function to its full capacity. According to the British Nutrition Foundation , the recommended amount of protein is 0.75g per kilogram bodyweight per day. This recommendation varies for each individual depending on sex and age. Protein requirement is increased for women who are pregnant or are lactating(British Nutrition Foundation,2016). In order for athletes to excel at their chosen sport the need for protein in the diet is vital. To prevent muscle damage, an athletes protein intake would be larger amount than an ordinary individual. An athletes protein intake should be in the range of 10-15% of their total dietary intake (Urdampilleta et al, 2014). An excess of 2g of protein can be damaging to the athletes performance. The National Kidney Foundation (2018) explains that the more protein digested the more the kidneys have to filter which puts stress on them. Diets with high protein content can be damaging to an individual’s health. High protein content is associated with the increase of Glomerular Hypofiltration, ( Friedman et al, 2010). Discussion With a protein enriched diet, evidenced based research and trials carried out show an increase in Glomerular filtration rates in addition to a high protein diet. Creatinine clearance is the measure of glomerular filtration rate. From reviewing this argument, it is shown to be a controversial topic as although a high protein diet is seen to increase GFR there is no evidence based data to state that the kidneys will suffer renal damage in addition to a high protein dietary lifestyle. Although a rise Glomerular filtration rate increases stress on the kidneys to filter more fluid which in long term may degrade kidney health. After extensive research regarding this particular field we conclude, that in order to accurate evidence based data to state the whether the effect of high protein influences kidney health. Long term research/trials must be conducted on this topic to support the hypothesis. Conclusion In conclusion to the argument ‘The Rise in popularity of high protein diets and the possible implications on kidney health’, there is no scientific evidence to prove high protein damages the kidney over short periods of time, but research shows that high protein does have an effect on GFR which in long term trials may result in damaging outcomes. Bibliography Antonio, J., et al (2016). The effects of a high protein diet on indices of health and body composition – a crossover trial in resistance-trained men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 13(1), pp.6-7. Austin G Stack,Liam F Casserly,Cornelius J Cronin,Tetyana Chernenko, Walter Cullen,Ailish Hannigan, Rajiv Saran, Howard Johnson,Gemma Browne, John P Ferguson . (25 November 2014). Prevalence and variation of Chronic Kidney Disease in the Irish health system: initial findings from the National Kidney Disease Surveillance Programme. BMC Nephrology2014. 15 (185), 12. Bernstein, A., Treyzon, L. and Li, Z. (2018). Are High-Protein, Vegetable-Based Diets Safe for Kidney Function? A Review of the Literature. [online] Journal of American Dietetic Association. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002822307000272 [Accessed 6 Nov. 2018]. Blachier, F., et al. (2018). High-protein diets for weight management: Interactions with the intes tinal microbiota and consequences for gut health. A position paper by the my new gut study group. Clinical Nutrition. Du, Kristy. (2018). Satiety and memory enhancing effects of a high-protein meal depend on the source of protein. Nutritional Neuroscience. 21 (3), p257-267. FMCG and Retail,. (2018). Protein: Consumers Want It, But Dont Understand It. Available: https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2018/protein-consumers-want-it-but-dont-understand-it.html. Last accessed 8th November 2018. Friedman, A. (2018). High-protein diets: Potential effects on the kidney in renal health and disease American Journal of Kidney Diseases. [online] American Journal of Kidney Diseases. Available at: https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(04)01253-3/fulltext [Accessed 6 Nov. 2018]. Friedman, A., Yu, Z., Juliar, B., Nguyen, J., Strother, M., Quinney, S., Li, L., Inman, M., Gomez, G., Shihabi, Z. and Moe, S. (2010). Independent influence of dietary protein on markers of kidney function and disease in obesity. Kidney International, 78(7), pp.693-697. HSE. (2018). Chronic Kidney Disease . Available: https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/az/c/chronic-kidney-disease/. Last accessed 10 November 2018. Johnstone, A. (2012). Safety and efficacy of high-protein diets for weight loss. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, [online] 71(02), pp.339-349. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221684530_Safety_and_efficacy_of_high-protein_diets_for_weight_loss [Accessed 5 Nov. 2018]. Kadey, M. (2018). Informed Protein Consumption. IDEA Fitness Journal. 15 (5), 35-36. Leal, D. (2018). The Importance of Nutrition for Muscle Growth. Available: https://www.verywellfit.com/are-you-eating-for-muscle-3121316. Last accessed 11th November 2018. Liu H, Peng Y, Li J, Liu Y, Cheng M, Yuan F, Liu F. [Stages of 3,547 patients with chronic kidney disease and relevant factor analysis]. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences. May 201 0;35(5):499-510. [Accessed 8 Nov 2018] Ludlow M, Mathew T, Usherwood T, Ramanathan S, Katz I, Fawcett K, Johnson DW. Australian general practitioners’ current practice for chronic kidney disease (CKD) detection and management. AMJ 2017;10(6):519–525. [Accessed 8 Nov.2018] Murphy, K., et al. (2013). Dairy Foods and Dairy Protein Consumption Is Inversely Related to Markers of Adiposity in Obese Men and Women. Nutrients, 5(11), pp.4665-4684. National Kidney Foundation. (2018). CKD Diet: How much protein is the right amount?. [online] Available at: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/ckd-diet-how-much-protein-right-amount [Accessed 13 Nov. 2018]. NIH. (2018). Your Kidneys How They Work. Available: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work. Last accessed 10 November 2018. NKUDIC. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. Kidney Disease Statistics for the United States. Available at: https://kidney.niddk.ni h.gov/kudiseases/pubs/kustats/#1. Last updated 11/15/2012. [Accessed 9 Nov 2018] Nutrition.org.uk. (2018). Nutrition Requirements. [online] Available at: https://www.nutrition.org.uk/attachments/article/234/Nutrition%20Requirements_Revised%20Oct%202016.pdf [Accessed 13 Nov. 2018]. Oh, C. and No, J. (2018). Appropriate protein intake is one strategy in the management of metabolic syndrome in Korean elderly to mitigate changes in body composition. Nutrition Research, 51, pp.21-28. Phillips, S. (2006). Dietary protein for athletes: from requirements to metabolic advantage. Applied Physiology, Nutrition Metabolism. 31 (6), p647-649. Poortmans, J. and Dellieux, O. (2000). ‘Do Regular High Protein Diets Have Potential Health Risks on kidney function in athletes?’. [online] International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. Available at: https://journals.humankinetics.com/doi/pdf/10.1123/ijsnem.10.1.28 [Accessed 8 Nov. 2018]. SuttonAJ,BrehenyK,DeeksJ,Khunt iK, SharpeC,OttridgeRS,etal.(2015)MethodsUsedin EconomicEvaluationsofChronicKidneyDisease Testing—ASystematicReview.PLoSONE10(10): e0140063.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.014006 [Accessed 9 Nov 2018] Tipton, K. (2011). Efficacy and consequences of very-high-protein diets for athletes and exercisers. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, [online] 70(02), pp.205-214. Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/efficacy-and-consequences-of-veryhighprotein-diets-for-athletes-and-exercisers/E4773A654FFC8F640299821A13D1A368/core-reader [Accessed 7 Nov. 2018]. Urdampilleta. A, Vicent-Salar. N, Martinez- Sanz. J. M.(2014). Protein needs in athletes and dietary-nutrition guidelines to gain muscle mass, Revista Espaà ±ola de Nutricià ³n Humana y Dietà ©tica, 16(1).

Removal of Indian Tribes in 1700 - 1389 Words

No, I do not agree that Georgia and the United States were justified in forcing the Indian tribes to leave their homeland and move to the Oklahoma territory. I believe the Tribes were taken advantage of and abused by the states whenever possible. In 1971 the Cherokee tribe was in the process of making treaties with United States. The state of Georgia recognized the Cherokee tribe as a nation allowing them to make their own laws and follow their native customs. In the late 1700’s their land started to be invaded by the white man. The Cherokee Indians began to move to Arkansas. (Historical Context) I believe the Indians were taken advantage of and had no option but to move when their land was taken away from them. Georgia and the United†¦show more content†¦Georgia has not rights on the land or people. Therefore â€Å"the Acts of Georgia are repugnant to the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States.†. (DBQ Doc 2) That being said the judgment against Worcester was reversed. In 1810 the confrontation between Tecumseh and William Harrison at Vincennes, Indiana leads to more lose of land for the Tribes. The signing of the Treaty of Greenville, which took more of the Indians land from them was intended to make things work easer for Tribal members and settlers. During that time frame additional treaties (Treaty of Grouseland and Treaty of Vincennes) were signed. More land was given to Americans but still â€Å"resulted in an easing of tension by allowing the settlers into Indiana and appeasing the Indians with reimbursement for the lands the settlers were squatting on†.(DBQ Doc 3) Statements by Chief Tecumseh leads to further verification that the Indians felt wronged in the swapping of their land. Tecumseh states â€Å"we gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game, and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets and a grave.†(DBQ Doc 4) Based on the maps presented there is further proof that the Cherokee Tribe was losing more and more land to United States. The original extent of the Cherokee claims give the Tribe land in following states West Virginia, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky andShow MoreRelatedEssay The Southeast Native Americans: Cherokees and Creeks898 Words   |  4 Pages and diseases. However, the Indians received more diseases compared to the few new diseases to the Europeans. The new diseases resulted in a massive loss of Native Americans, including the Southeast Indians which had never encountered the new diseases. Three of the main tribes in the southeast were the Cherokee and the Creek. They were part of a group of southeast tribes that were removed from their lands. 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Clarice Lispector Essay Example For Students

Clarice Lispector Essay Fictional pieces revolve around existentialism/absurdism (ex. Family Ties (1960), The Passion According to G.H. (1964), The Apple in the Dark (1961), An Apprenticeship or the Book of Delights (1969)) -writes many fictional pieces revolving around the topics of human suffering/failure, the mortality of humans, individuals who are alone or come to realize that they are alone and are trapped in hostile situations, wanting to escaping hostile situations, and the fear felt when confronting the concept of nothingness. (ex. Family Ties, many of her existentialist/absurdist works) -pits the emotion of wanting to live against the knowledge that death is inevitable (ex. The Chicken) -animals. Often depicts animals as beings that are able the most to feel emotions in the purest sense due to their primordial state of being. (ex. The Buffalo, The Chicken) -focuses a lot on females. Family Ties deals with how women are repressed by the social and familial ties around them. Other works with female main characters include: The Passion According to G.H., The Hour of the Star (1977), An Apprenticeship or the Book of Delights -The relationship poverty and power have within Brazil as well as class issues (ex. The Hour of the Star). Hints of new topics that Lispector may have wanted to write had she not died Language and Techniques: -original works are in Portuguese -uses normal situations that are thought to be controllable and then turns them into uncontained, chaotic experiences (ex. stories in Family Ties, The Passion of G.H.) -tends to start off a piece with a silent or unsettling mood and then transform the mood into a more stronger, overwhelming emotion. (ex. Happy Birthday, The Chicken, The Daydreams of a Drunken Woman, basically almost everything in Family Ties as well as her other existentialist/absurdist works ) -often uses crises that characters experience in order to initiate a characters epiphanic moment. The crises are often triggered by mundane events. (ex. Family Ties, The Passion According to G.H., many of her other existentialist/absurdist works as well) -Has a probing style of writing. Lispector tends to write questions about life rather than answering them. Intensifies the readers feelings of bewilderment/doubts about the world around them. (ex. Family Ties, The Passion According to G.H., many of her other existentialist/absurdist works as well) -Style of writing/the descriptions she uses in her pieces often have a surrealistic nature to them Zeitgeist: -1950-1954: Brazil experiences inflation and growing national debt under Getulio Vargas dictatorship. Discontent among the army and people. -1964-1985: Brazil under military rule with some moments where democracy seems to have returned. In the beginning, there was a lot of media censorship and trade unions were suppressed. Discontent among the people, protests and guerilla warfare arise (Lispector also protests against the military rule). There was rapid economic growth around the late 1960s-early 1970s but many were still poor. -1970s: Brazil suffers from inflation. Unemployment rises. Many are poor. Unhappiness among the people. However, the military rule became less oppressive. 20th century: women most active and influential as writers/artists (ex. Gertrude Stein, Virginia Woolf, Edith Wharton). Lispector follows this trend. -Brazils Womens History: mainly patriarchal society. Typical housewife setup and women were trapped in a stifling role society assigned to them. -Generally(20th century): young people are less sexist than their parents. Few women in positions of power. The next womens rights movement closest to 1953-1977 begins in the 1980s but there was a buildup of resentful/rebellious feelings women had in regards to their stifling roles in society which may have influenced Lispector’s writings. Lispector’s Works: Notes: The Passion According to G.H.: About a rich woman whose maids leave her which results in her finding a cockroach in an otherwise clean room. She freaked out, stepped on it, and had a major epiphanic moment about life/death .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 , .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 .postImageUrl , .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 , .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2:hover , .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2:visited , .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2:active { border:0!important; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2:active , .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2 .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u97ce1be477907fa3a1f6c1d75fdda7c2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare and the Movies Essay An Apprenticeship or the Book of Delights: About a woman who learns about pleasure after meeting a philosophy teacher who tells her she knows nothing of pleasure and is therefore not ready to enter a relationship with him. She goes through a personal journey and discovers love, hate, fear, and pleasure. The Hour of the Star: Narrated by a writer who does not know what to write. The narrator (a man) tells the story of a 19 year old girl he saw but does not know personally. This girl lives in a slum and life just sucks for her but she does not realize that her life sucks. She later dies by getting hit by a car. The narrator is disturbed at how seemingly ignorant this girl is about her depressing situation and throughout the novel, he discusses urges to elevate this girls life in some way/make it more important than it was but he understands that this girls life was just another typical uninteresting life that had no importance whatsoever. The Apple in the Dark: About a fugitive who hides out in a farm owned by 2 sisters. He has an affair with one sister and the other betrays him to the police. The deeper purpose of the novel is to tell the story of a man who relearns how the world around him works after his crime sends him into a â€Å"golem-like† state (acts like a rock, doesn’t talk much, is like a servant to the sisters) on the farm. Another prominent topic in this novel is redemption through sin. Lispector Biography Notes: 1952: In Rio de Janeiro, published a volume of 6 stories called Alguns Contos (Some Stories), moved to Washington D.C. 1953: Second son born Disliked diplomatic milieu (iow. Disliked the surrounding political environment due to her husband’s job) 1956 à   1961: Apple in the Dark is finally published (it was written in 1956) o Repeatedly rejected by publishers o Longest novel, most complex o 1962: awarded Carmen Dolores Barbosa Prize for best novel 1959: left husband and returned with sons to Rio de Janeiro 1960: published Family Ties ß struggled financially to get it published o Immediately well-received, sold very well 1964: published The Passion According to G.H. and The Foreign Legion 1966: Grievous accident occurred to Lispector o Fell asleep after taking sleeping pills (to help her cope with her insomnia) with a cigarette in her hand o Cigarette started a fire and she was badly burned o Right hand almost had to be amputated; she did not like thinking about it afterward and only said, â€Å"All I can say is that I spent three days in hell.† o Lispector still continued to write despite the pain during recovery 1967: published The Mystery of the Thinking Rabbit o First children’s book 1968: Separated with husband, worked against Brazil’s military dictatorship 1971: began working on The Stream of Life o Struggled to complete it, was insecure and hesitant (which was uncharacteristic of her) o Published in 1973 o Became â€Å"her finest work†, was claimed an instant masterpiece o One critic wrote that Lispector, â€Å"awakens the literature currently being produced in Brazil from a depressing and degrading lethargy and elevates it to a level of universal perennity and perfection.† 1974: began to paint, increased work as a translator because of financial pressure 1975: Invited to First World Congress of Sorcery ß increased her notoriety 1977: published The Hour of the Star o Most famous work o Brazilian poverty, marginality (*NOTE: marginality, I believe, is referring to cultural marginality, where the text has been exposed and molded by two or more cultures) o The name of the protagonist, Macabà ©a, was based on the Maccabees, a Jewish rebel army who reasserted the Jewish religion through conquest in the 100s BCE .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f , .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f .postImageUrl , .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f , .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f:hover , .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f:visited , .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f:active { border:0!important; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f:active , .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5ebf8b73f73dcdb6a59a5cdaa39479f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is sociology value free Essay December 9, 1977: Death of Lispector due to ovarian cancer, on the eve of her 57th birthday Brazilian History  · 1889-1930 o This period was known as the Old Republic of Brazil o This period saw the monarchy of the Empire of Brazil replaced with a republic o While the government was technically a democracy, it was highly corrupt and all but controlled by an oligarchy of large landowners and local officials from the coffee industry. o Many people did not have the right to vote (or were under pressure to vote a certain way), there was little in the way of free presses and lots of economic and social inequality o On large plantations known as Latifundium, a system where large numbers of poor worked for wealthy owners was in place o In addition, there was an unofficial model of government (the coronelismo system) in place in which power was held by a local official known as a coronel through the act of exchanging favours for loyalty (patronage) o Near the end of the period, a new educated middle class rose up to challenge these ideals  · 1930-1954 o The stock market crash of 1929 was the event that brought the old system crashing down o After an election in 1930 widely regarded as rigged, Washington Luiz was elected o However, he was deposed in a coup by the military and replaced by the populist Getulio Vargas o Vargas oversaw the drafting of a new constitution which was more liberal leaning than the previous one o In 1937, with the country in fear of Nazism and Communism, a communist plot to assassinate politicians known as Plano Cohen was discovered, providing the pretext for Vargas to suspend civil liberties and shut down congress (effectively becoming a dictator) o Vargas was an unusual dictator, as he had support from both the masses and the military. He used his power to do things that were actually needed in the country, like providing a minimum wage and professionalizing the civil service by creating the DASP (Administrative Department of Public Service) so qualified people could get jobs, rather than rely on people with political connections

Healthcare Quality and Information Management

Question: Describe about the Healthcare Quality and Information Management. Answer: Introduction: The job satisfaction is a very important issue in case of healthcare industry. The employees in the healthcare industry are concerned with looking after the patients and provide proper treatments to them (Hlsheger et al., 2013). The job satisfaction is required for the peoples in order to provide proper kind of service (Card et al., 2012). The job satisfaction is measured with the help of different measures like the amount of salary, the time required to work, the behavior of the managerial staffs. The job satisfaction also varies from person to person (Purpora Blegen, 2015). Job satisfaction is related to psychological condition of the people. Job satisfaction is an impact of different factors (Fortney et al., 2013). The condition of the workplace environment plays an important role in job satisfaction (Milln et al., 2013). The work life balance condition also plays an important role in this aspect (Pineau Stam et al., 2015). In this report the data on overall job satisfaction is being analyzed with the help of different statistical tests like t-tests, scatter plot, Pearsonian correlation coefficient. The results of the analysis and also the possible interpretation of the results are given in this report. Discussions: The job satisfactions of the people who are employed in the concerned industry are measured on a 5 point scale. The average ratings of the two consecutive years 2013 and 2014 are considered. The data were collected with the help of questionnaire. The questionnaires were given to 30 people who are working in the relevant industry. The people were asked about 20 questions and the relevant information was collected on the basis of the answers given by the employees. The average rate of job satisfaction is measured by the average rating of each of the employee on the 20 given questions. The t-test is done to compare the mean values of the two years. The hypothesis of the test is given by: H0: d= 0 against H1: d t= (d- d )/sd. The d represents the difference of each of the two means. d is the mean value of the actual population. The mean value is equal to zero in the case of null hypothesis. So our objective will be two tests whether the mean value obtained from the difference of the average value of the two groups is equal to zero or not. The test statistic follows a t distribution with 29 degrees of freedom. The summary of the measures obtained from the t-test performed in excel is given below: t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means Variable 1 Variable 2 Mean 3.326667 3.755 Variance 1.018057 0.749543 Observations 30 30 Pearson Correlation 0.807887 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 Df 29 t Stat -3.9312 P(T=t) one-tail 0.000241 t Critical one-tail 1.699127 P(T=t) two-tail 0.000482 t Critical two-tail 2.04523 The p-value of the test statistic is 0.000241 for one tailed test. The p-value of the test statistic is 0.000482 for the two tailed test. The p-value is the probability value given in the direction of the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis suggests that the test is one sided. Therefore, the p-value for one sided test is to be considered. The given level of significance is 0.05.The null hypothesis of the test gets rejected if the p-value is less than the given significance level. The test statistic is rejected in this case. Therefore, it can be concluded that the average job satisfaction has been improved than the previous years. The job satisfaction is measured with the help of various questions like the payment status, the ability to work alone, the workplace environment. The data reveals that there has been an improvement in the job satisfaction level over the years. The job satisfaction can also be measured with the help of Pearsonian correlation coefficient. The Pearsonian correlation coefficient values are calculated by the following formula: r = The Pearsonian correlation coefficient values ranges between -1 to 1. The Pearsonian correlation coefficient value when equals to +1 this implies that there is a perfect positive correlation while if it equals -1 then this indicates there is a negative correlation between the variables. The Pearsonian correlation coefficient values for the two periods are calculated. The values for 2014 are considered as the x variables and the values for 2013 are taken as y variables. The correlation coefficient value for the given dataset is calculated with the help of EXCEL. The value of the measure is 0.934873. The correlation matrix obtained from the above observations is: Column 1 Column 2 Column 1 1 Column 2 0.934873 1 The value of the cells (1,1) and (2,2) gives the correlation between the same variables. The correlation between the two variables that is the job satisfaction of the people in 2013 and 2014 is 0.934873. This implies that the correlation is quite high. The high value of correlation implies that there is a linear relationship between two variables. The two variables are correlated. The scatter plot diagram of the levels of the two years is also constructed. The scatter plot diagram is drawn by taking the value for 2013 as x variables. The values of 2014 are taken as y variables. The scatter plot diagram is given below: Figure: Scatter plot of the Job satisfaction level for two years. (Source: Created by author) The scatter plot diagram shows that there is a positive association between the two values. Figure: Scatter plot diagram with a linear trend line (Source: Created by author) The scatter plot diagram clearly shows the linear association between the two variables. The linear trend line shows that the two variables have a positive association. The linear trend line has a positive slope. The equation of the straight line is y = 1.0502x -0.2842. The value of the R squared statistics is 0.874. The regression equation has two parts. One part is the explained part and the other is unexplained. The R-squared measures how much good is the regression equation. It is the ratio of the explained part to the total. Therefore, high value of R-squared indicates a good fitted model. Conclusion: The data on job satisfaction for the two years 2013 and 2014 are analyzed in this report. The data is analyzed with the help of paired t-test .The test has been rejected. The test aims to study whether the mean value of job satisfaction has been increased for the year 2014. The test supports the null hypothesis. This means that the job satisfaction level has been increased in the second year of the study. The correlation coefficient also shows a positive value. The correlation coefficient is almost equals to 1. This means that there is a positive relationship between the two variables. This implies that the value as the value of one variable increases the value of the other also increases. The scatter plot diagram also reveals a straight line with the positive slope. This level of association is because the data has been collected from the same Institute. The study has been conducted by taking a very small sample. The entire study could had been better if the observations are a bit more. The job satisfaction level has been improved as suggested by the data analysis tools. The job satisfaction level can further be improved by improving the factors that affects the satisfaction level. The improvement in the job satisfaction will lead to the betterment of the services provide to the patients. The data shows three distinct groups. The first group shows a higher level of job satisfaction while the other two groups have given a comparatively low rating. The problems faced by these two groups need special attention. References: Hlsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. J., Feinholdt, A., Lang, J. W. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: the role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), 310. Card, D., Mas, A., Moretti, E., Saez, E. (2012). Inequality at work: The effect of peer salaries on job satisfaction.The American Economic Review,102(6), 2981-3003. Purpora, C., Blegen, M. A. (2015). Job satisfaction and horizontal violence in hospital staff registered nurses: the mediating role of peer relationships.Journal of clinical nursing,24(15-16), 2286-2294. Fortney, L., Luchterhand, C., Zakletskaia, L., Zgierska, A., Rakel, D. (2013). Abbreviated mindfulness intervention for job satisfaction, quality of life, and compassion in primary care clinicians: a pilot study.The Annals of Family Medicine,11(5), 412-420. Milln, J. M., Hessels, J., Thurik, R., Aguado, R. (2013). Determinants of job satisfaction: a European comparison of self-employed and paid employees.Small business economics,40(3), 651-670. Pineau Stam, L. M., Spence Laschinger, H. K., Regan, S., Wong, C. A. (2015). The influence of personal and workplace resources on new graduate nurses' job satisfaction.Journal of nursing management,23(2), 190-199.